SQL HAVING

The HAVING clause is used to filter the result set based on the result of an aggregate function. It is typically located near or at the end of the SQL statement.

HAVING is often coupled with the presence of the GROUP BY clause, although it is possible to have a HAVING clause without the GROUP BY clause.

Syntax

The syntax for HAVING is,

The brackets around "column_name1" and GROUP BY "column_name1" means that they are optional.

Note: We may select zero, one, or more columns in addition to the aggregate function. If we do select any column outside of the aggregate function, there is no need for the GROUP BY clause.

Example

We use the following table for our example.

Table Store_Information

To see only the stores with sales over $1,500, we would type,

Result:

The first three lines of the code yield three rows: Los Angeles with Sale of 1,800, San Diego with Sales of 250, and Boston with Sales of 700. The HAVING clause then acts on these three rows. Total sales for both San Diego and Boston are below $1,500, so the "HAVING SUM(Sales) > 1500" clause filters out these two stores, leaving Los Angeles as the only row returned for this SQL.

Exercises

For these exercises, assume we have a table called Region_Sales with the following data:

Table Region_Sales

1. Which of the following order is correct for a SQL statement?
a) SELECT...FROM...ORDER BY...WHERE...HAVING
b) SELECT...FROM...WHERE...ORDER BY...HAVING
c) SELECT...WHERE...FROM...HAVING...ORDER BY
d) SELECT...FROM...WHERE...HAVING...ORDER BY

2. What is the result of the following SQL statement?
SELECT Region, SUM(Orders) FROM Region_Sales GROUP BY Region HAVING SUM(Orders) > 2500;

3. What is the result of the following SQL statement?
SELECT Region, SUM(Orders) FROM Region_Sales WHERE Total_Sales < 385000 GROUP BY Region HAVING SUM(Orders) > 2500;